Is China Dumping U.S. Debt — and Should Investors Still Buy Bonds?

 In recent months, headlines and online financial commentary have raised concerns that China is “dumping” U.S. government debt. This has left many investors wondering whether U.S. bonds are still safe. Does investing in bonds today still make sense? 

With interest rates higher than they’ve been in over a decade, this question is especially important for investors focused on income and long-term financial stability.

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Is China Really Selling U.S. Treasury Bonds?

Yes — China has been gradually reducing its holdings of U.S. Treasury bonds.

At its peak in 2013, China held roughly $1.3 trillion in U.S. debt. Today, that figure is closer to $750–800 billion. Importantly, this reduction has occurred slowly over more than a decade, not through sudden or aggressive selling.

This distinction matters because slow reductions do not destabilize the bond market.

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Why Is China Reducing Its Treasury Holdings?

China’s bond sales are largely driven by domestic economic considerations, including:

• Supporting its own economy

• Managing its currency

• Diversifying foreign reserves

These actions are common among large global institutions and do not signal a collapse of confidence in U.S. Treasuries.

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Does China Selling Its Bonds Hurt the U.S. Bond Market?

The U.S. Treasury market exceeds $27 trillion in size. Compared to that scale, China’s sales represent a relatively small portion of overall demand.

Today, major buyers of U.S. bonds include American pension funds, insurance companies, retirement accounts, banks, and global institutions seeking safe assets.

When bonds are sold, prices may dip slightly, and the yields may rise. But this benefits new investors by providing higher income.

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Are U.S. Bonds Still a Good Investment?

For more than a decade, extremely low interest rates made bonds unattractive. That environment has changed.

Today’s bond market offers:

• Higher yields

• Improved income potential

• Better diversification for portfolios

For investors seeking stability and predictable cash flow, bonds are more appealing now than they have been in many years.

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Which Bonds Are Riskier Right Now?

Not all bonds carry the same risk.

Higher risk:

• Long-term bonds (20–30 years)

• Highly sensitive to inflation and interest-rate changes

Lower risk:

• Short-term bonds

• Intermediate-term bonds

• Treasury-focused ETFs

Understanding bond duration is now more important than simply choosing “bonds” in general.

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What Is Likely Ahead for the U.S. Economy?

The most realistic outlook includes:

• Slower but stable growth

• Interest rates will likely remain higher than in the past decade

• Continued government borrowing

• Moderate, persistent inflation

This environment tends to favor income-based strategies rather than purely growth-driven investing.

---

Dividend Stocks vs. Bonds

Dividend stocks offer growth potential but also experience market volatility and dividend cuts during recessions.

Bonds provide steadier income and lower volatility.

For many investors, a combination of both offers a better balance than relying on only one asset class.

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Final Thoughts

China's reduction of its U.S. bond holdings does not indicate an impending financial collapse. Instead, it reflects long-term global adjustments.

U.S. bonds remain a foundational part of the global financial system. In today’s higher-rate environment, they once again provide meaningful income for investors seeking stability.

As always, investment decisions should be based on personal goals, timelines, and risk tolerance — not headlines.

Important Note:
I am not a licensed financial advisor, planner, or investment professional. The information shared on this site is for general educational purposes only and reflects my personal opinions and research. It is not intended as financial, investment, legal, or tax advice.

All investments involve risk, including the possible loss of money. What works for one person may not be appropriate for another. Before making any financial decisions, please do your own research and consider speaking with a qualified professional who understands your individual situation. Do not rely solely on the information provided here when making investment or financial choices.

Bonds vs Dividend Stocks: Which One Actually Provides Stability for Retirement?

 Many investors today are hearing two very different messages.

Some financial educators on YouTube suggest that bonds are no longer necessary and that dividend stocks can replace bonds for stability. Meanwhile, firms like Vanguard continue to recommend large bond allocations for people nearing retirement, sometimes as high as 60%.

So which approach is more accurate?

Let’s break it down simply.

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What Is Portfolio Stability?

The stable portion of a portfolio is meant to:

• Reduce volatility

• Protect against market crashes

• Provide dependable income

• Prevent selling stocks during downturns

Stability is about risk control, not maximizing returns.

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Why Some Advisors Recommend Dividend Stocks Instead of Bonds

Supporters of dividend investing argue that:

• Bonds can lose value when interest rates rise

• Dividend stocks provide income without selling shares

• Many dividend-paying companies are financially strong

Because of this, some investors believe dividend stocks can replace bonds in a retirement portfolio.

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The Key Problem: Dividend Stocks Are Still Stocks

Even high-quality dividend stocks are still part of the stock market.

That means they can:

• Fall sharply during bear markets

• Lose value during recessions

• Experience dividend cuts when companies struggle

Dividends are not guaranteed.  Historically, many companies have reduced or suspended dividend payments during economic downturns. This is usually when retirees need income the most.

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Why Vanguard Still Recommends Bonds

Vanguard’s bond recommendations focus on reducing sequence of returns risk — the danger of suffering large losses early in retirement.

Bonds help by:

• Lowering portfolio volatility

• Providing predictable interest income

• Acting as a buffer during stock market declines

This is why many retirement models suggest allocations such as 40% stocks and 60% bonds for near-retirees.

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Bonds vs Dividend Stocks: Which Is More Stable?

If the goal is true stability, bonds are generally more reliable.

Dividend stocks can play a valuable role in an income-focused portfolio, but they do not behave like bonds during market stress.

A practical approach often includes:

• Bonds or Treasuries for stability

• Dividend stocks within the equity portion

• Cash or short-term bonds for near-term expenses

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Final Thoughts

Dividend stocks are useful.  But they are not a replacement for bonds.

For investors nearing retirement, stability usually comes from diversifying across different types of risk rather than relying on stocks alone.

Bonds may be boring, but when markets fall, boring can be exactly what you want.

Important Note:
I am not a licensed financial advisor, planner, or investment professional. The information shared on this site is for general educational purposes only and reflects my personal opinions and research. It is not intended as financial, investment, legal, or tax advice.

All investments involve risk, including the possible loss of money. What works for one person may not be appropriate for another. Before making any financial decisions, please do your own research and consider speaking with a qualified professional who understands your individual situation. Do not rely solely on the information provided here when making investment or financial choices.

---

Will Credit Card Interest Rates Drop to 10% In th US in 2026? Here's What You Need to Know

If you’ve been scrolling through the news or watching money videos lately, you may have seen some bold claims:

“Credit card interest rates are about to drop to 10%.”

For anyone carrying a balance — especially retirees, near-retirees, or people living on tighter monthly budgets — that kind of headline can feel like a small ray of hope.

But before counting on lower rates, it helps to slow down and look at what’s actually happening.

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What’s Happening Right Now

A Proposal — Not a Promise

In January 2026, President Trump proposed a one-year cap of 10% on credit card interest rates.

At this stage, that’s all it is — a proposal.

No law has been passed, and no credit card company is required to change its rates at this time. For anything to happen nationwide, Congress would need to approve new legislation, and that process can be slow and uncertain.

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Why Congressional Approval Matters

A federal credit card interest cap cannot be created by executive action alone.

It would require:

• Passage of a new law
• Approval by both the House and Senate
• Agreement on how the cap would be structured

Even within Congress, there is disagreement. Some lawmakers worry that while a cap could help consumers carrying balances, it might also create unintended economic side effects.

Because of this, financial experts say a mandatory 10% cap is far from guaranteed.

---

Some Banks Are Already Testing Lower Rates

Even though nothing has changed legally, the proposal has already influenced the marketplace.

Some lenders have begun experimenting with:

• Temporary low-APR promotions
• Introductory 10% interest offers
• Select cards aimed at strong-credit borrowers

These offers are voluntary, not universal. And they vary widely by issuer.

For most people, interest rates on existing cards remain much higher.

---

A Reality Check on Today’s Credit Card Rates

Right now, average credit card interest rates remain around 20% to 23%, depending on your credit score and card type.

That’s why the idea of 10% sounds so dramatic. If it ever became law, it would represent a major shift in consumer lending.

For now, though, those higher rates are still the reality for most households.

---

An Important Caveat That Rarely Gets Mentioned

There’s one detail that often gets left out of headlines — and it’s important to understand.

If a mandatory 10% interest cap were put in place, credit limits for some borrowers — especially those with lower credit scores — could be reduced.

Why?

Because lenders price risk into interest rates. If they’re no longer able to charge higher rates to offset that risk, they may respond in other ways, such as:

• Lowering credit limits
• Tightening approval standards
• Approving fewer new accounts
• Closing inactive or higher-risk cards

This is how financial institutions manage risk.

As a result, a cap could help some cardholders while unintentionally making access to credit harder for others — particularly those with lower scores or limited credit history.

This tradeoff is one of the main reasons the proposal remains heavily debated.

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What You Can Do Right Now (No Matter What Happens Politically)

Because interest rates aren’t likely to change overnight, the safest approach is to focus on what you can control.

Here are some realistic ways to reduce credit card stress,  even if rates remain the same. 

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1. Stop Using the Card You’re Paying Down

This single step often makes the biggest difference.

Continuing to charge purchases while trying to pay off a balance can feel like running uphill.

Even temporarily switching to:

• Cash
• Debit
• A separate checking account

can help your balances finally start moving in the right direction.

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2. Pay More Often Than Once a Month

You don’t need large payments to make progress — just more frequent ones.

For example:

• $50 weekly instead of $200 once a month
• Small payments after each paycheck

This lowers the average daily balance used to calculate interest and can reduce what you’re charged over time.

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3. Ask for a Lower Rate

Many people never ask. But it works more often than expected.

A simple call like this is enough:

“I’ve been a customer for a long time, and I’m working on paying down my balance. Is there any way to lower my interest rate?”

Even a small reduction can save you money over time.

---

4. Consider Balance Transfers — Carefully

Some cards offer temporary low or 0% balance transfer promotions.

These can help if you:

• Stop using the old card
• Understand the transfer fee
• Have a clear payoff plan

Without a plan, balance transfers can delay the problem. With one, they can provide breathing room.

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5. Focus on Progress, Not Perfection

High-interest debt often carries both emotional and financial weight.

Try not to think in terms of “fixing everything at once.”

Instead, focus on:

• One card
• One balance
• One steady habit

Taking even small steps forward will prove to you that change is possible.  And building strong financial habits makes lasting change inevitable.

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The Bottom Line

Right now:

• A 10% credit card interest cap is being discussed, not implemented
• Congressional approval is uncertain
• Some banks are experimenting with lower rates
• Most consumers are still facing interest rates above 20%

So, while it’s worth paying attention to the conversation, it’s not something to base your financial plans on just yet.

The most reliable strategy remains staying informed and taking small steps that reduce debt — regardless of what lawmakers decide.

Financial stability is built on the choices we make and our habits, not headlines.

That is how you create more breathing room — and more peace of mind.

Where Is the U.S. Economy Headed? Why Staying Calm Is the Best Strategy to Face Down Financial Fears

 If you’ve been watching economic videos lately — like I have — you’ve probably noticed something unsettling.

One video says the U.S. dollar is about to collapse.
Another says inflation is about to surge again.

And both seem to end with the same message:

“If you don’t act right now, you’re going to fall behind.”

For people living on modest incomes — retirees, near-retirees, single adults, or anyone trying to make life work without a large financial cushion — that kind of messaging can feel overwhelming.

But most of what’s being shared online represents two extremes.

And real life almost always lives somewhere in the middle.

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The Two Economic Extremes Being Pushed Right Now

Right now, the internet is flooded with two very different economic narratives.

Extreme #1: “The U.S. Is About to Lose Reserve Currency Status”

This argument usually claims the dollar is on the verge of collapse, often pointing to the nation’s growing debt, global money shifts, and large investment firms moving funds overseas.

The national debt is indeed high — currently around $39 trillion.
It is also true that countries and corporations diversify their assets.

But diversification is not the same thing as abandonment.

Economic systems rarely collapse overnight. They tend to shift gradually — often over decades, not months.

While global and national trends are certainly changing, this narrative stretches those changes into an immediate catastrophe that is unlikely to occur.

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Extreme #2: “Inflation Is Coming Back Fast — and the Stock Market Is the Only Solution”

The second narrative argues that Federal Reserve policy will soon trigger another wave of inflation and that anyone who isn’t fully invested in the stock market will fall behind.

Investing absolutely matters — when you have extra money available to invest.

But this argument leaves out a critical reality:

You can’t invest your way out of a cash-flow problem.

If monthly income doesn’t cover monthly life, market growth alone cannot fix that stress — because there is nothing left to invest.

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What’s Actually Happening in the Economy

The United States is not likely to collapse overnight.

But we are also not returning to the comfortable stability many people remember from the past.

What we are experiencing is something quieter — and more difficult:

a prolonged period of instability.

This often shows up as:

• higher living costs that don’t easily come back down
• uneven job growth
• people working longer than planned
• retirement looking very different from what previous generations expected

This can feel chaotic.

But it’s better described as a squeeze.

And squeezes don’t destroy people all at once — they wear people down slowly.

That’s why so many people feel uneasy even when official statistics say things are “fine.”

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Why “Just Invest” Is Not a Complete Answer

Many financial discussions today focus heavily on investing as the solution to nearly everything.

But investing works best when basic needs are already secure.

When money is tight, market volatility feels less like an opportunity and more like anxiety.

For many households, the real challenge isn’t growth — it’s stability.

Before wealth can grow, life must first be livable.

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The Overlooked Key: Stable Income

Throughout history, most people who survived unstable economic periods did not do so because they predicted what would happen next.

They survived because they had some reliable income.

Not necessarily massive income.
Not flashy income.

Predictable income.

Money that shows up regularly — even in small amounts — provides something more valuable than headlines ever can:

peace of mind.

When rent is covered, groceries are manageable, and utilities are paid, uncertainty becomes tolerable.

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Why Small Amounts of Income Matter More Than People Realize

Many people underestimate the powerful impact of having extra income.

An extra:

• $300 a month
• $500 a month
• $1,000 a month

can dramatically change daily life — especially for people on fixed or lower incomes.

This kind of income doesn’t make someone wealthy.

But it creates breathing room.

And right now, breathing room is one of the most valuable forms of wealth we can have.

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Flexibility Is the New Security

In previous generations, financial security often came from pensions and long-term employment.

Today, security looks different.

It now means:

• having multiple small income sources instead of one fragile one
• possessing skills that can be used quietly and consistently
• keeping expenses flexible
• being able to adapt without panic

This isn’t about constant hustling or burnout.

It’s about resilience.

Creating the ability to adjust when life shifts — without letting fear take over.

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The Calm Truth in the Middle

The economy isn’t collapsing tomorrow.

But it is changing.

And during periods like this, the goal isn’t to predict global financial systems or chase perfect strategies.

The goal is simpler:

Create margin.

A small income cushion.
A bit of flexibility.
More control over your time.

That’s how everyday people navigate unstable eras — not through fear, but through steadiness.

If you’re feeling behind, you’re not.

These are uncertain times — but they are navigable ones.

And stability, not panic, is what carries people through.

What If Your Side Hustle Could Pay You Five Different Ways Instead Of Only 1?

How would that change your life? 

Most people think of a side hustle as just a single stream of income that can add a few dollars to their monthly budget. You make a product or provide a service. You get paid. Done.

But if you stop there, you’re working harder than you need to. The real magic — the kind that builds wealth — comes when you stack multiple income streams from one single idea.

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The “One Idea, Many Income Streams” Method

Imagine that you make delicious cinnamon rolls that are so good people text you at 10 p.m. asking if you have any available.

Most bakers would sell those rolls at a nearby farmer’s market  and be done.

But not you. You’re about to begin thinking like my favorite side hustle guru – Benjamin Franklin.  

You probably think I’m joking. I’m not. 

In Franklin’s hands:  

That one cinnamon roll recipe could become:

• Direct sales at markets or via online orders.
• DIY baking kits with his signature spice mix.
• A short eBook or PDF guide with the recipe and pro tips (sold on Etsy, Payhip, and  Amazon).
• An in-person baking class that is recorded and made available on YouTube.
• YouTube and TikTok shorts showing his process, all monetized with ads and affiliate links to his favorite baking tools.

Same skill. Same idea. Multiple income streams.

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Why Multiple Income Streams Work Better

When you start with something you already know or own  a skill, tool, or piece of knowledge, you are miles ahead because you skip the steep learning curve.

Instead of constantly chasing the next hustle, you build out your current one until it becomes a mini ecosystem of multiple income streams that eventually form into a mighty river.

Each stream feeds the others:

• Someone buys your cinnamon roll kit, then buys your recipe eBook.
• A YouTube viewer signs up for your baking class.
• A class student orders a big holiday batch.

This is how you stop trading your time for money and start earning while you sleep.

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Franklin’s Forgotten Side Hustle Lesson

Benjamin Franklin, a  printer, inventor, and early master of stacking side hustles, did this in the 1700s.

He didn’t just print newspapers.
He sold ads, published almanacs, sold books in his shop, rented out printing equipment, and invested profits into other ventures, like a paper company, so that all his competitors printed their news and books on his paper.

Franklin started with one idea that created multiple streams of lasting income.

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How to Stack Your Own Side Hustle

1. Identify Your Core Idea
• What skill, resources, or knowledge do you already have?
2. List at Least 3 Ways to Sell It
• Physical products, digital products, services, content, and teaching.
3. Test Small Before You Build Big
• Start with 1–3 paying customers.
4. Make It Evergreen
• Create products or content that can sell repeatedly. 

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Final Thoughts

A side hustle doesn’t have to stay on the  “side.”
With Benjamin Franklin’s  One Idea, Many Income Streams approach, you can create a mighty river of income that keeps flowing even when you’re not working.

If you want a simple, proven checklist for stacking income streams, Benjamin Franklin-style, my short digital workbook, "Benjamin Franklin’s Side Hustle Checklist: From One Idea, Create Multiple Income Streams", walks you through it step-by-step.

  

🧭 Behind on Retirement? Here's the Hustler’s Guide to Catching Up Fast

Let’s cut to the chase: If you're behind on retirement savings and don’t have a feasible plan to win the lottery, you're going to need a side hustle strategy.  Not someday, but today.

Whether you're in your 30s, 40s, or heck, even 60s and wondering where your 401(k) went while you were busy surviving,  this guide is your call to action (minus the shame and fear-mongering).

You don’t have time to panic. Let’s build income, cut waste, and create a future you don’t want to escape from.

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1. 🧍🏽 Admit You're Behind — Then Start Running

First things first: own it.

Say it with me:
“I’m behind on retirement... but I’m catching up.”

Honesty is important, but don't stop there. The moment you admit it, you’ve got to shift into motion. No more excuses. No more “when I feel ready.”

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2. 🕒 Time's Not Waiting, So Neither Should You

Side hustlers love freedom. But when you're behind, freedom is found by being urgently productive.

You don’t have six months to “think about starting a thing.” You have right now.

Start small. Start imperfect. Just start.

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3. 💰 Know Your Retirement Gap (Even If It Scares You)

Let’s do a quick calculation:

• Your desired monthly retirement income × 12 × 25 = Your target nest egg
• Subtract what you already have saved = Your “Oh dang” number

But don’t panic. That number isn’t there to haunt you. It needs to motivate you into taking action.

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4. ✂️ Cut the Expensive Comforts

If you're spending like you're retired already, we have a problem.

Trim the fluff:

• Pause the online shopping “therapy”
• Keep one streaming service (you’re not watching all 6 anyway)
• Learn to love leftovers

This isn’t forever. It’s the sprint phase of your catch-up plan.

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5. 🧱 Stack Productive Days (Side Hustle Style)

Every day you don't build something is another day you’ll wish you had. The goal? No zero days.

Even if it’s just:

• Listing one item to sell
• Researching one new platform
• Sending one cold pitch
• Creating one post or product

Little steps, stacked daily, lead to big results.

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6. 📈 Max Out the Free Money and Tax Breaks

If you’re working a traditional job and side hustling, don’t skip the retirement benefits:

• Employer 401(k) match = free money
• Roth IRAs for tax-free growth
• Solo 401(k)s and SEP IRAs for self-employed folks

The government actually wants to help you retire. Weird, right?

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7. 🛠️ Build Income Streams Like a Boss

Here’s where side hustlers shine.

Start income stacks you can grow:

• Freelance your professional skills
• Flip stuff from yard sales or thrift shops
• Rent your space, tools, or driveway
• Teach, coach, or consult online
• Sell digital products or crafts

The key: pick something scalable or automated long-term. You don’t want to hustle forever, but you need to side hustle long enough to catch up.

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8. 🧠 Invest Like You Mean It

Side hustlers are often risk-tolerant — but don’t confuse risk with recklessness.

Start here:

• Open a Roth IRA
• Invest in low-cost index funds (think: total market ETFs)
• Use platforms like Fidelity, Vanguard, Charles Schwab, or M1
• Set it and forget it (but review quarterly)

Don’t leave large amounts of your money in a savings account earning less than your coffee budget's inflation. Use a high-interest savings account but know the rules.

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9. 📅 Motivation Is Flaky; Use Discipline Instead

Motivation is that friend who’s super excited about your goals... for two days.

Discipline is the friend who shows up with coffee at 6 a.m. to make sure you follow through.

Set routines. Automate payments. Create rituals that support your hustle. No “feeling like it” is required.

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10. ✅ Recommit Daily (Yes, Every Day)

Catching up is a daily decision.

You’ll have setbacks. You’ll feel tired. But every time you recommit, you take back a little more control over your future.

You’re not behind because you’re lazy. You’re behind because life happens. But now you're happening to life.

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Final Word: Hustle Today, Chill Tomorrow

You don't have to retire at 35. You don’t have to live off rice and beans. You just have to decide that the life you want is worth more than the temporary comforts you're giving up.

So go:

• Build the thing.
• Sell the product.
• Stack the income.
• Invest the profits.
• Rinse. Repeat. Retire (eventually).

Because you’re not behind anymore.
You’re almost caught up.  Keep going! 

If you like this article, my book of Ben Franklin's wealth wisdom is available for free until August 14th on Apple, Barnes & Noble, and Kobo.  Find it here:  https://books2read.com/u/m2502j

 

How Benjamin Franklin Would Retire in 2025 (Without a 401k)

Introduction

If Benjamin Franklin could see how many Americans are retiring broke in 2025, he’d probably raise an eyebrow, and then he'd roll up his sleeves to change this.

Franklin retired at 42. He built wealth from nothing, invested for the long haul, and even created a trust that kept growing for two centuries after his death.

And he did it all without a 401(k), a tech job, or a lucky break in crypto.

Here's how Franklin would tackle retirement in 2025. And it's how you can do it too.

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🪙 Step 1: Find Your Gap Between Income and Expenses

Franklin knew that wealth starts with one thing: the gap between what you earn and what you spend.

“Beware of little expenses. A small leak will sink a great ship.”

He tracked every penny and looked for leaks. In today’s world, he’d use:

• A budgeting app

• A spreadsheet

• Or just a notebook and a pen

Franklin would ask: “Where’s my money leaking?” Then he’d fix it.
Are your leaks food delivery, unused subscriptions, or late-night Amazon splurges?
Start there.

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💡 Step 2: Stack Side Hustles Strategically

Franklin had many roles—printer, writer, real estate investor, inventor, postmaster, and diplomat.

He’d thrive in today’s gig economy. In 2025, he’d probably:

• Write on Substack

• Sell books or courses

• Launch a podcast or YouTube channel

You can start with:

• Freelancing in the evenings

• Flipping items on eBay or Facebook Marketplace

• Publishing a simple ebook

• Walking dogs or tutoring locally

The key is income flexibility. Build multiple streams so if one dries up, others are still flowing.

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📈 Step 3: Invest for the Long Haul

Franklin didn’t gamble—he believed in long-term growth and compound interest.

He even left money in a trust that grew for 200 years.

If Franklin were investing today, he'd likely:

• Open a Roth IRA

• Invest in index funds

• Reinvest dividends

• Avoid hype-driven schemes

His philosophy:

“Money makes money. And the money that money makes, makes more money.”

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🕰️ Step 4: Semi-Retire with Purpose

Franklin never fully stopped working—he just shifted his focus.

After building wealth, he devoted his time to science, diplomacy, and public service.

His retirement plan? Purposeful part-time work.
Today, that could mean:

• Consulting

• Teaching

• Creating art or content

• Volunteering

Semi-retirement means designing a life where you control your time. It doesn't have to mean quitting everything you enjoy.

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📚 Final Thoughts: Franklin Was the Original FIRE Guy

Franklin retired at age 42 with far fewer tools than we have today. You don’t need a six-figure income to retire early or live well.
You need a strategy. A system. A mindset.

Franklin did it in the 1700s. You can do it now.

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🔗 Get More Franklin-Inspired Wealth Wisdom

If this approach speaks to you, check out my book:
Get Rich Starting from Nothing: 13 Timeless Wealth Hacks From Benjamin Franklin That Still Work Today

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✍️ Author Bio

Written by Christine Esser, author of “Get Rich Starting from Nothing.” I write about FIRE, frugality, and timeless money hacks—especially for people starting from zero. Subscribe or bookmark for more.